20 IMPORTANT ETIQUETTE .

1. Don’t call someone more than twice continuously. If they don’t pick up your call, presume they have something important to attend to;
2. Return money that you have borrowed even before the other person remembers asking for it from you. It shows your integrity and character. Same goes with umbrellas, pens and lunch boxes;
3. Never order the expensive dish on the menu when someone is giving you a lunch/dinner. If possible ask them to order their choice of food for you;
4. Don’t ask awkward questions like ‘Oh so you aren’t married yet?’ Or ‘Don’t you have kids’ or ‘Why didn’t you buy a house?’ Or why don’t you buy a car? For God’s sake it isn’t your problem;
5. Always open the door for the person coming behind you. It doesn’t matter if it is a guy or a girl, senior or junior. You don’t grow small by treating someone well in public;
6. If you take a taxi with a friend and he/she pays now, try paying next time;
7. Respect different shades of opinions. Remember what’s 6 to you will appear 9 to someone facing you. Besides, second opinion is good for an alternative;
8. Never interrupt people talking. Allow them to pour it out. As they say, hear them all and filter them all;
9. If you tease someone, and they don’t seem to enjoy it, stop it and never do it again. It encourages one to do more and it shows how appreciative you’re;
10. Say “thank you” when someone is helping you.
11. There’s almost never a reason to comment on someone’s weight. Just say, “You look fantastic.” If they want to talk about losing weight, they will;
12. When someone shows you a photo on their phone, don’t swipe left or right. You never know what’s next;
13. If a colleague tells you they have a doctors’ appointment, don’t ask what it’s for, just say “I hope you’re okay”. Don’t put them in the uncomfortable position of having to tell you their personal illness. If they want you to know, they’ll do so without your inquisitiveness;
14. Treat the cleaner with the same respect as the CEO. Nobody is impressed at how rude you can treat someone below you but people will notice if you treat them with respect;
15. If a person is speaking directly to you, staring at your phone is rude;
16. Never give advice until you’re asked;
17. When meeting someone after a long time, unless they want to talk about it, don’t ask them their age and salary;
18. Mind your business unless anything involves you directly – just stay out of it;
19. Remove your sunglasses if you are talking to anyone in the street. It is a sign of respect. Moreso, eye contact is as important as your speech; and
20. Never talk about your riches in the midst of the poor. Similarly, don’t talk about your children in the midst of the barren…or talk about your spouses around those who don’t have.

Shared by Anthony Peter ®

HEALTH BENEFITS OF “POWDERED” PAWPAW SEEDS.

When you consume this seed powder, it is best that you are not far from your toilet because it does not take long to clean your system.

The function of the papaya seed powder are as follows:

》 It improves kidney health .

》Purify the liver wormer Against germs and parasites .

》 Heals the stomach .

》 Cleans the intestines .

》 Improve health in general .

THE PREPARATION
☆ 1 Teaspoon dried powder from Papaya seeds .
☆1 Tablespoon lemon juice .
☆1 Glass of water .
☆2 Teaspoons of honey.
☆ Mix all the ingredients then turn well with a spoon and drink completely. You will be satisfied with your state of health in the coming days.

Job Applications Thread .📧📨📨 Miss Manjo®

Many employers require all applicants for employment, regardless of the job they apply for, to complete a job application form. Depending on the employer and the job, you may be required to complete an online application, a paper application, an application at a store kiosk, or you could be asked to apply via email

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HOW TO FEED YOUR BRAIN TO COMBAT STRESS.

There’s a very strong relationship between stress and our physical body. Muscle tension, for example, is a type of reflex reaction to stress. It’s the body’s way of shielding itself from danger. It might feel like a nagging or gripping pain in the back of your neck or lower back as you type at your computer. Headaches are a close cousin.

The relationship is so strong that it has its own term: “stress headaches” (also called “tension headaches”). Stress even causes digestive problems. It alters the concentration of stomach acid, which can lead to bloating, cramps, diarrhea, constipation, irritable bowel syndrome and even peptic ulcers.

Plus, stress upsets insulin production in the body, which can lead to diabetes and can cause strokes and heart attacks. Healthy diets have been shown to prevent all these harmful physical effects and even reverse the aging process. Your life is short. Your diet is an easy way to take control and maximize your wellbeing.

Having a healthy diet will make you a more effective leader. You owe it to yourself to fuel your brain and brody properly, so here are four steps to create a successful diet plan.

1. Prioritize breakfast.

It’s important to start the day off right. You should make a habit of eating breakfast. Skipping breakfast may make it difficult to maintain stable blood-sugar levels. It matters what you put into your body. Try to choose high-fiber foods such as high-fiber cereals, steel-cut oatmeal, whole grain bread and fresh fruit. Fiber-rich foods digest slowly and keep you feeling full.

They also jumpstart your metabolism and stabilize your blood-sugar levels. This will allow you to stay focused and reduce your anxiety and stress levels. As a leader, breakfast really can be the most important meal of the day, but it doesn’t end there. You should constantly fuel your body and mind.

Intermittent fasting for sugar control and weight loss can negatively affect your mind and relationships with your team. When you value the close connection between your stomach and your mind, you make the most of each day. The gift of life is short and fleeting.

2. Limit refined sugars and processed foods.

Certain foods are toxic to your brain. You should try to steer clear of refined sugar. Try to avoid foods containing high levels of white sugar and high-fructose corn syrup. And you shouldn’t put these foods in front of your team, either. You want to set them up for success. Diets low in sugar have been shown to increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a peptide responsible for the creation of new neurons.

BDNF causes neurons to connect and combine and plays a critical role in neuroplasticity. Try to avoid stocking your breakroom or vending machines with products that are high in sugar and make for poor food choices. Also try to avoid foods with a high glycemic index like pastries, soft drinks and fast foods. Instead, try to go for fruits, honey or maple syrup. Or better, yet go for a natural protein such as soy or seitan that will help to build muscle. Refined sugars will give you a quick boost of energy, but they’ll quickly send your blood sugar on a roller coaster –and not an enjoyable one. When your blood sugar drops, your adrenal glands release stress hormones like cortisol. Your performance as a leader will suffer. You’ll be more irate in conversations, your relationships will suffer, and you won’t be able to make the right decisions that your team trusts you to make.

3. Embrace omega-3 fatty acids.

Omega-3 fatty acids are a gift to any leader. You deserve to include them in your diet. Nuts and seeds, including flaxseeds, chia seeds and walnuts, are your friends and partners. Nuts are known to be heart-protective and contain many antioxidants.

Walnuts are especially health-promoting and are a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids, which can lower heart disease risk and reduce total cholesterol and LDL (aka bad cholesterol). Ultimately, omega-3s help to stabilize your adrenal hormones and prevent them from rising too high, especially when you’re stressed. They are a powerful antidote against stress.

4. Limit caffeine and alcohol.

It’s natural to crave caffeinated foods such as coffee, tea, soft drinks and chocolate, but it’s important to recognize that these foods can harm your overall well-being.

Caffeine stimulates the production of cortisol, your body’s primary stress hormone and causes anxiety. It’s okay to have the occasional cup of Joe, but try to avoid caffeine near bedtime, as it may cause insomnia. You should also think about when and if to consume alcohol.

Alcohol is a depressant and a sedative and alters the neurotransmitters in your brain. It may be tempting to grab a couple of beers or glasses of wine after a hard day, but try not to do this in excess, as your performance as a leader might take a nosedive.

When you’re stressed, you’re more likely to give in to urges and impulses. You’re more likely to resort to using drugs or alcohol as a coping mechanism. Unfortunately, the effects can result in long-term harm and addiction. It’s best to avoid these temptations when you’re experiencing high levels of stress.

Your eating habits and stress levels go hand-in-hand. When you’re stressed, it’s natural to want to reach for comfort foods like desserts, fast food and alcohol, but these foods can be addictive and might trigger a downward spiral. By fueling your body for success, you’ll reduce your stress, improve your productivity and strengthen your relationship with your team, so use these four steps to create a high-performance diet plan.

Entrepreneurs® The E Hub®

HOW TO PRODUCE 200 LOCAL CHICKEN EVERY MONTH LIKE A BOSS .🐓🐔🐣

(Some figures may vary from place to place so don’t mock me)🐓

Can you do a successful indigenous chicken business anywhere in Africa? The answer is yes. Can you reap profits from it? Ofcourse you can? Is it complicated? Not at all but you need enough capital to start it.🐓

First things first.Most farmers fail in this sector because they fail to plan. If you fail to plan then you are planning to fail. Do you know where farmers fail most?They start their projects without the end in mind.🐓

Today I will describe how you can rear 1200 indigenous chicken/village chicken/kienyeji chicken in a year successfully without a headache.With this method you can be churning out 200 birds every month for sale and laugh all the way to the bank.🐓

The first thing is that you should have a plan.As you know broiler farmers plan for their batch of birds every 6weeks, pig farmers every 5 mths, beef farmers every 2 years,rabbit farmers every 4-5mths.🐓

Indigenous chicken are ready for meat at about 6 months and are sold at between 600Kshs(6$)for hens and 800kshs(8$) to 1000(10$) for cockerels.🐓

With indigenous chicken you will need to have a 6 mths plan if you are to have 200 mature chicken for sale every month.You need to have a foundation stock(parent stock)which will be giving you eggs every 21 days for incubation. If you remember very well in my previous article I had talked of how to raise 300 chicken every year using 10 hens and 2 cocks.This is where you will get your parent stock or you can buy from a very good source free from diseases.🐓

Take note than the cockerel for the parent birds need replacement after one year while hens can be replaced after two years.You will have to be patient with this business since indigenous chicken are slow growers unlike hybrid chicken and improved indigenous chicken.🐓

Before getting your return on investments (R.O.I)you will have to sweat that is undeniable but after you start selling your chicken you will remember me(I will come for a meal of chicken thighs😂😂).Get out your pen and paper,fasten your seatbelts and travel with me to chicken kingdom.🐓

You have your foundation stock(around 250 hens.24 cocks included therein.
A ratio of 1 cock to 8 hens is recommended ). Indigenous chicken have higher demand than hybrid chicken when it comes to meat because of the great taste and most people are going organic nowadays.🐓

You need a well constructed house.They will need a spacing of 1 square feet per bird. During the day they will be roaming outside so you need a chicken run with a good fence to prevent predators and thieves.The measurement of the house will be 60ft by 20ft and 8ft high from the floor to the roof.🐓

The poultry house will be partitioned to measure 20 by 10ft so you have 6 compartments and each compartment will have its individual run outside. Construct using readily available material.You can use mud,bricks,iron sheets or timber.🐓

In the first month you will have the first batch of 200 chicken which you brood in the first house. Release them outside in the run after 2 mths.The second month you have another batch of 200 chicken.You do this till the 6th month when you will start harvesting the first batch of mature chicken.🐓

You need an incubator that can hatch 200 chicks every 21 days. Inorder to make this venture more profitable and avoid high costs of production(feeds take 70%)you can make your own feeds.You need feed ingredients such as
☆ Whole maize = 34 kg
☆ Soya bean = 12 kg
☆ Omena = 8 kg
☆ Maize/wheat bran = 10 kg
☆ Lime = 6 kg
》Total =70kg

During the first 2 months the chicks will consume about 1.5kgs of feeds.That will be around 300kgs of feed for 2 months or 4 bags of 70kgs feed.🐓

》At 3months release them in the run and feed them on half of commercial feeds and vegetable remains and grains such as millet and broken wheat or grounded maize .🐓

》From 3-6mths they should have fed on 1000kgs or 14 bags of 70kgs feed(each bird feeding on 5kgs for 4mths).🐓

Vacination:
The vaccines to consider are: Newcastle disease vaccine and fowl pox vaccine.In the first week vaccinate your chicks against newcastle disease(buy newcastle lasota vaccine 200 doses),repeat newcastle vaccine on the third and 5th week.🐓

》At 4 weeks for fowl pox vaccine buy 200 doses.Repeat fowl pox vaccine at 6 weeks and newcastle plain at 16 weeks.Notice that indigenous chicken are resistant to most diseases but this does not mean you avoid proper hygiene and good biosecurity measures.🐓

Your birds are now mature at 6 mths and you have batches following at 5mths,4mths,3mths,2mths and 1mth.You sell your first batch and bring in a new batch to maintain the cycle.Each month you will be selling birds.🐓

Let’s do a little maths:Your birds fed on 4 bags for 2 months and 14 bags for month’s.In total you used 18 bags.Suppose a bag of home made feed is 1500Kshs(15$) you will have spend 27,000kshs(270$)on feed alone.Suppose you lose 10% of your birds from day one to maturity.You remain with 180 birds.Let’s say you have 90 hens and 90 cocks and sell hens at 600kshs(6$) and cockerels at 800kshs(10$) You get 126,000ksh.(1260$).🐓

Deduct feeds and other variables like drugs,vet services and vaccines and you have not less than 70,000kshs(700$). per month.It is good money by any standards.The biggest costs when starting this project will be housing costs and fees.🐓

From the second year you will have made enough profits after investing and reinvesting and you can expand your business.🐓

I believe nothing is impossible if you are commited.Chicken farming can employ you and can lift you to unprecedented heights of greatness and wealth.Let me not hear you say it can’t be done.It can be done and you know it.🐓

Mine is to give you this information for free and if you feel like gifting me then go ahead I will be waiting.A shilling from each of you should make me a rich man😂😂🐓

Wishing you all the best in your endeavours folks and HAPPY PROSPEROUS BUSINESS VENTURES.

Okuta Ngura® The E Hub®

GET INSPIRED: FROM 80 BIRDS TO OVER 5000, FROM 50 PIGS TO OVER 500, FROM 2 EMPLOYEES TO 7 – MWANSA BWALYA’S JOURNEY

BACKGROUND :

I started farming in 2010 just after completing my Grade 12 and my inspiration comes from my mother who runs an Agri- business and after school I went to work for her, that’s where I got the idea from that’s how I utilized the opportunity and ventured into animal farming , I started with about 80 birds now I house over 5000 , I started with 50 pigs now I now have over 500, I started with 2 employees now I have 7,’ so basically I do I rear point of lay chickens , I have pigs , plant maize and soya beans and I have gardens where I do horticulture farming here and there, Farming has been beneficial to me because it provides me with income and I have been able to expand my business, every year that comes by I try to expand my business and also provide jobs for the local people.

Farming is great and farmers come with different great amazing experiences especially in the business aspect and that’s what moved me to get into that business and my dream wasn’t just to become a farmer myself, but also to provide opportunities to other girls who don’t have the land or the resources, in order to grow food themselves and teach them how to do it to help them sustain themselves. Though Am actually still facing problems like road networks and that’s has to been my biggest hurdle but I have tried to talk to the relevant authorities to help but it has been no avail but I still use my determination to make it possible for me to still make it in my agri business

ONGOING :

Mwansa’s biggest desire is to see young girls and youths getting connected with agriculture so that they can see how sustainable the business is to change their lives, she further challenges young people to take farming serious because farming offers the young generation a chance to make a difference by growing enough food to feed the world. She says “Those who become farmers now have the opportunity to be the generation that will end world hunger and alleviate malnutrition, as well as helping the sector adapt to climate change but it’s unfortunate “I feel this goal is not nearly going to be achieved because the problem is that many youths feel ashamed and embarrassed thinking farming is for old people and many more youths have graduated from well off universities but are still looking for jobs yet they have it at their disposal to be entrepreneurs and have a better life.

ON THE IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE :

There is need to do something to save the future because agriculture always has an image problem for the majority of the world’s youth; agriculture simply isn’t seen as being “cool” or attractive. Most think of it only as back-breaking labor, without an economic pay-off and little room for career advancement. With an ageing population of farmers, it’s clear that agriculture needs to attract more young people and it is a global challenge because half of the farmers in Zambia are 55 years or older. There is a lot of concern about engaging youth in agriculture and in order for the government and non-governmental organizations to achieve this there is need to increased access to education and new forms of agriculture-based enterprise meaning that young people can be a vital force for innovation in family farming, increasing incomes and well-being for both farmers and local communities. Young people can transform the agricultural sector by applying new technologies ICTs to provide new opportunity for making agriculture more interesting for young people. The increased use of phones in farming can also help deter young people away from stereotypes of traditional farming and help change their perceptions on agriculture, helping them to view it as an exciting and innovative industry”
In other ways, young people are not very much interested in continuing in agriculture because they also don’t see much prospect in the future of agriculture, they don’t see it is as an active profession in the long-run, so many of the smallholder farmers are quite aged. So meaning we need to change our mentality towards farming. It’s how we view it! If we view it as a sustainable business most of us wouldn’t even be complaining about being jobless because we can create the business ourselves If more youths are involved farming will evolve we are definitely going to generate new innovative ideas probably cost effective ways of farming Unemployment levels among youths would certainly go down because we will have more job creation, Agriculture is a very good source of income for the country because we will be able to export more and also throughout the year and this could add to the nations GDP, So I want everyone to know that, there are many challenges ahead for the sector but if young people are offered education in agriculture, a voice at policy level, and in the media, and are engaged with innovations then the agriculture industry can attract youth again. As we look to find solutions to feeding a world of nine billion people by 2050, it is this new generation that should start working together to help achieve global development.

FUTURE PLANS :

Mwansa Bwalya’s Future plans are to make it big and she explains “In the next 8-10 years I want to have my own Animal Feed or Maize manufacturing plant and their by-products. I also want to consistently supply my customers with POL ( Point if lay ) I have great belief system and hard work pays off and surely one day it will, my encouragement to Women should learn to be independent. If we are able to empower ourselves or get help through an Aid let us grab that opportunity with both hands. It doesn’t matter what business you are into as long as it’s legit and it is earning you money. Sell those slippers, sell that hair, sell those potatoes, and keep those chickens as long as it is giving you income you are on the right track.

MOTIVATIONAL NOTE:

“If you’re clear on what you believe, you have a great foundation to make a strong market for your business.”Mwansa Bwalya

Success is not the key to happiness. Happiness is the key to success. If you love what you are doing, you will be successful, if you are successful; it is because somewhere, sometime, someone gave you a life or an idea that started you in the right direction. Remember also that you are indebted to life until you help someone less fortunate, just as you were helped.

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Mwansa Farm😍

Girl Empowerment Alliance for Change ®

HOW TO GROW MAIZE IN AFRICA (TO HARVEST BETTER YIELDS)

》General Advice on Maize Crop Farming

Maize is grown mainly as staple food in many parts of Sub Sahara.
Its grown for consumption, livestock feeds and for earning money.
Not much harvest is realized per Hectare in many parts of Africa, mainly due to lack of PROPER FARMING PRACTICE And lack of inputs.

Before we start there are some basic fundamentals about crop farming:

1. Farming is a business. You should make a profit from your farming activities. The money you spend on inputs like seed, chemicals, fertilizers, electricity, water, labour etc. should be kept less than the total value of the crops and livestock you produce. You farm for maximum production at minimum cost.
2. Farming should be treated as a 12-month of the year activity, not a five-month of the year activity; it is a full time job.
3. Plan your farming activities in advance and follow a strict rotation of cropping. Alternate planting of a grass e.g. maize or sorghum with a legume like soya beans. Avoid growing the same crop in the same land in two consecutive seasons.
4. There are four golden rules which should always, always, always, be borne in mind:

a. Do everything on time. Know in advance what you have to do and be ready to do it.
b. Do everything to a high standard. A high standard means good management, and precision to achieve maximum yields. Do not take shortcuts.
c. Do not waste anything. Be efficient with your inputs and your time. Wasted inputs and time is results in wasted money.
d. Be a good steward of the land. Make sure you preserve the land and the environment. Always give something back to your farm.

GROWING MAIZE UNDER SMALL-SCALE AGRICULTURE

If you want to produce the maximum amount of maize for minimum input, the best method to use is called Conservation Agriculture (CA), which has been promoted locally as “Farming God’s Way”.

The features of this method are:

》Minimal tillage. YOU SHOULD NOT USE A PLOUGH and thus, you do not need draft power to prepare your fields. Do not disturb or compact the soil’s natural structure. Rather dig precise planting holes in a uniform pattern throughout the field.

》Mulch to keep the moisture in the soil and to protect the soil from being washed away. You should never, never, never burn vegetation that covers the soil. Conversely, avoid leaving the soil bare, because you will lose moisture and erosion will occur. Rather slash, cut or graze the plants and previous stover, which will spread it more evenly over the soil.

》High quality and precise plant spacing. Plan out the field and measure where each planting hole will be for an optimal distribution.

》Precise placement of seed and fertilizer. Do not wastefully broadcast seed and fertilizer on to the soil as this will likely result in poor seed-soil contact, wasted fertility and ultimately lowered yields.

》Planting in early- to mid-November, or immediately following the first effective rainfall of the season to ensure even germination and maximize on the use of water.

》Thinning out/removal of weaker germinated plants so as to maximize yield.

》Maintain a disciplined and regular weed control. Weeds take moisture which should be available to your crops.

THE FOLLOWING IS A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE TO NON-MECHANISED CA:

Step 1:
Early in the preceding winter months. Plan the lay-out of your lands and crop rotations. Know how much land will be used and calculate how much seed and fertilizer will be required. If you plan to sell the maize upon harvest have some idea of where you will market it, how you’ll get it there and how much you expect to be paid for it.

Step 2:
Start preparing your land(s), as planned, during the dry season, well before the estimated start of the rains. Control weeds as you go. A little work each day means you will be ready on time. Cut the grass, weeds and stover and lie them evenly over the soil as mulch. Precisely measure out the correct spacing with measuring sticks, or two stakes joined by a string with knots at the distance where each planting hole will be dug. Holes should be precisely 60 cm by 75 cm apart. Use the diagram below as a guide.

Step 3:
Apply basal fertilizer requirements before the rains. Use a soft drink/beer bottle-top to measure out the amount of Compound D fertilizer to place into each hole. Cover the fertilizer with a small amount of soil so that there is no contact with the seed, which will cause chemical burn. Use a full cup of well-composted manure in each hole if you cannot afford, or don’t have access to fertilizer.

Step 4:
Plant immediately following the first effective rainfall. Choose a seed variety that suits the expected rainfall you receive in your area. Use short-season varieties in dry areas, and only choose a long-season type if you are in a very high rainfall area or you have access to irrigation. If necessary, water each of the holes by bucket, watering can or hose and leave to settle. While the hole is still moist, place three seeds in an evenly-spaced line in each hole, with one pip at each side and one in the middle. Cover the seeds using the soil heaped next to the hole to leave a level surface. Make sure no stones or heavy soil clods cover the seeds. Leave the mulch cover between the holes intact. Try to complete planting in a day to ensure an even germination and later, an even crop canopy, which will shade out any weed growth.

Step 5:
The first round of weeding should be done two weeks after planting. Hoe weeds when they are small. Weeding should be done with a minimum disturbance to the soil. Remove the weakest seedling from each hole two to three weeks after germination, thus leaving an average of two seedlings per hole. If only one seed germinates in a hole, you can leave all three in the adjacent hole.

Step 6:
After the maize plants are established and have developed to the three-leaf stage, apply ammonium nitrate (AN) fertilizer. Weed your field before and after top- dressing. You do not want weeds to feed off the fertilizer intended for your maize. Use a soft drink/ beer bottle-top to measure out the AN. Use one measure of AN per planting hole. You must apply AN to wet soil, so it is best to apply AN just before or after it rains. Apply the AN between 5 -10 cm away from the plants and do not let the fertilizer touch the plants. On sloping ground, apply the AN to the soil above the planting hole.

Step 7:
Harvesting between March and June will prevent grain loss to birds. After removal of the cobs, leave the remaining stover lying in the field to protect and improve the soil quality. Leave roots in the soil to breack down and further improve its structure. Slash weeds (if any) immediately after harvest to prevent them from producing seeds. Thereafter, prepare holes in the same position as the previous season, and re-use these holes, with minor repairs, for your next crop. Soyabeans, groundnuts and sugar beans are suitable legumes to rotate with maize.

Commercial Farmers Union Of Zimbabwe®
The E Hub®

What is meant by entrepreneurship?

What is meant by entrepreneurship? What Makes Someone an Entrepreneur? Why Become an Entrepreneur?

1. What is meant by entrepreneurship?
   The concept of entrepreneurship was first established in the 1700s, and the meaning has evolved ever since. Many simply equate it with starting one’s own business. Most economists believe it is more than that.
   To some economists, the entrepreneur is one who is willing to bear the risk of a new venture if there is a significant chance for profit. Others emphasize the entrepreneur’s role as an innovator who markets his innovation. Still other economists say that entrepreneurs develop new goods or processes that the market demands and are not currently being supplied.

In the 20th century, economist Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950) focused on how the entrepreneur’s drive for innovation and improvement creates upheaval and change. Schumpeter viewed entrepreneurship as a force of “creative destruction.” The entrepreneur carries out “new combinations,” thereby helping render old industries obsolete. Established ways of doing business are destroyed by the creation of new and better ways to do them.

Business expert Peter Drucker (1909-2005) took this idea further, describing the entrepreneur as someone who actually searches for change, responds to it, and exploits change as an opportunity. A quick look at changes in communications—from typewriters to personal computers to the Internet—illustrates these ideas.

Most economists today agree that entrepreneurship is a necessary ingredient for stimulating economic growth and employment opportunities in all societies. In the developing world, successful small businesses are the primary engines of job creation, income growth, and poverty reduction. Therefore, government support for entrepreneurship is a crucial strategy for economic development.

As the Business and Industry Advisory Committee to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) said in 2003, “Policies to foster entrepreneurship are essential to job creation and economic growth.” Government officials can provide
incentives that encourage entrepreneurs to risk attempting new ventures. Among these are laws to enforce property rights and to encourage a competitive market system.

The culture of a community also may influence how much entrepreneurship there is within it. Different levels of entrepreneurship may stem from cultural differences that make entrepreneurship more or less rewarding personally. A community that accords the highest status to those at the top of hierarchical organizations or those with professional expertise may discourage entrepreneurship. A culture or policy that accords high status to the “self-made” individual is more likely to encourage entrepreneurship.

This overview is the first in a series of one-page essays about the fundamental elements of entrepreneurship.

Each paper combines the thinking of mainstream economic theorists with examples of practices that are common to entrepreneurship in many countries.

The series attempts to answer:
》Why and how do people become entrepreneurs?

》 Why is entrepreneurship beneficial to an economy?

》 How can governments encourage entrepreneurship,

》 and, with it, economic growth?

2. WHAT MAKES SOMEONE AN ENTREPRENEUR ?.

Who can become an entrepreneur? There is no one definitive profile. Successful entrepreneurs come in various ages, income levels, gender, and race. They differ in education and experience. But research indicates that most successful entrepreneurs share certain personal attributes, including: creativity, dedication, determination, flexibility, leadership, passion, self-confidence, and “smarts.”
Creativity is the spark that drives the development of new products or services or ways to do business.

It is the push for innovation and improvement. It is continuous learning, questioning, and thinking outside of prescribed formulas.
Dedication is what motivates the entrepreneur to work hard, 12 hours a day or more, even seven days a week, especially in the beginning, to get the endeavor off the ground. Planning and ideas must be joined by hard work to succeed. Dedication makes it happen.

Determination is the extremely strong desire to achieve success. It includes persistence and the ability to bounce back after rough times. It persuades the entrepreneur to make the 10th phone call, after nine have yielded nothing. For the true entrepreneur, money is not the motivation. Success is the motivator; money is the reward.

Flexibility is the ability to move quickly in response to changing market needs. It is being true to a dream while also being mindful of market realities. A story is told about an entrepreneur who started a fancy shop selling only French pastries. But customers wanted to buy muffins as well. Rather than risking the loss of these customers, the entrepreneur modified her vision to accommodate these needs.

Leadership is the ability to create rules and to set goals. It is the capacity to follow through to see that rules are followed and goals are accomplished.

Passion is what gets entrepreneurs started and keeps them there. It gives entrepreneurs the ability to convince others to believe in their vision. It can’t substitute for planning, but it will help them to stay focused and to get others to look at their plans.

Self-confidence comes from thorough planning, which reduces uncertainty and the level of risk. It also comes from expertise. Self-confidence gives the entrepreneur the ability to listen without being easily swayed or intimidated.

“Smarts” consists of common sense joined with knowledge or experience in a related business or endeavor. The former gives a person good instincts, the latter, expertise. Many people have smarts they
don’t recognize. A person who successfully keeps a household on a budget has organizational and financial skills.

Employment, education, and life experiences all contribute to smarts.
Every entrepreneur has these qualities in different degrees. But what if a person lacks one or more? Many skills can be learned. Or, someone can be hired who has strengths that the entrepreneur lacks. The most important strategy is to be aware of strengths and to build on them.

3. WHY BECOME AN ENTREPRENEUR?

What leads a person to strike out on his own and start a business? Perhaps a person has been laid off once or more.

Sometimes a person is frustrated with his or her current job and doesn’t see any better career prospects on the horizon. Sometimes a person realizes that his or her job is in jeopardy. A firm may be contemplating cutbacks that could end a job or limit career or salary prospects. Perhaps a person already has been passed over for promotion. Perhaps a person sees no opportunities in existing businesses for someone with his or her interests and skills.Some people are actually repulsed by the idea of working for someone else. They object to a system where reward is often based on seniority rather than accomplishment, or where they have to conform to a corporate culture.

Other people decide to become entrepreneurs because they are disillusioned by the bureaucracy or politics involved in getting ahead in an established business or profession. Some are tired of trying to promote a product, service, or way of doing business that is outside the mainstream operations of a large company.

In contrast, some people are attracted to entrepreneurship by the advantages of starting a business.

These include:
Entrepreneurs are their own bosses. They make the decisions. They choose whom to do business with and what work they will do. They decide what hours to work, as well as what to pay and whether to take vacations.

Entrepreneurship offers a greater possibility of achieving significant financial rewards than working for someone else.

It provides the ability to be involved in the total operation of the business, from concept to design and creation, from sales to business operations and customer response.
It offers the prestige of being the person in charge.

It gives an individual the opportunity to build equity, which can be kept, sold, or passed on to the next generation.

Entrepreneurship creates an opportunity for a person to make a contribution. Most new entrepreneurs help the local economy. A few—through their innovations—contribute to society as a whole. One example is entrepreneur Steve Jobs, who co-founded Apple in 1976, and the subsequent revolution in desktop computers.

Some people evaluate the possibilities for jobs and careers where they live and make a conscious decision to pursue entrepreneurship.

No one reason is more valid than another; none guarantee success. However, a strong desire to start a business, combined with a good idea, careful planning, and hard work, can lead to a very engaging and profitable endeavor.

The E Hub®

HOW TO START HONEY BEE FARMING BUSINESS.

Intro:

Rearing of honey bees is called,
Apiculture. Keeping bees at the large scale for commercial purpose as a business plan is increasing in this fast growing world.

Apiculture is also related is to the agriculture or is the part of agriculture.

Apiculture or bee keeping business need less investment of money and laborers with great care of them and a strong relationship between the human being (beekeeper) and the bees. it too hard enough to keep bee’s as the business; if you did not have some knowledge about them and the apiculture since bees are wild in nature. One can easily learn apiculture and can earn more money as profit with less effort.

Honey is one of the oldest sweeteners on earth. Lucky for us, it also has many health benefits and uses. Honey is so good and is listed as power foods that should be in your kitchen right now.

Read on health benefits of honey and make use of this golden sweetener.
☆ Honey cleans blood and arteries.
☆ Use of honey is also beneficial to the throat infection.
☆ Use of honey by children is the best technique to increase their memory power at the small age
☆ Use of honey avoids a cough, colds, digestive problem, eye disorders, blood pressure etc
☆ Honey is also used in the cosmetic
☆ A teaspoon of honey with fresh butter prevent you from fever.
☆ Use of honey provides lots of energy to the body & helps in increases athletic performance.
☆ Helps prevent cancer and heart disease.
☆ Reduces ulcers and other gastrointestinal disorders: Anti-bacterial and anti-fungal

Hence, above are some of the health benefits of using the honey in our diet. From the above mention, it also has some more advantage.

Types of Honey (most popular)

There are more than forty types of honey, each with unique properties & a distinctive taste. Each kind of honey has different types of flavonoid profiles which depend on the floral nectar source. The most of the popular honey are:

1) Alfalfa
2) Manuka
3) Blueberry
4) Clover
5) Wildflower
6) Buckwheat
7) Orange Blossom

However, the honey quality varies for each type. Darker & denser honey contains a higher amount of antioxidant content. Monofloral honey (honey from a single plant species) contains the lowest glycemic index (GI). For example, the honey found from Black Locust tree; named locust honey has 32 GI while the commercial honey; named Clover honey, contains highest glycemic index (about 70)

Honey beekeeping has an old history because the text of our ancient has shown that the first sweat tested by them was the honey only, who are living in the mountain caves and forest. Our ancestor discovered bees hive for that divine gift; named honey. It is then followed by the poor landless and unemployed people and spread over with time. The technique of beekeeping can vary from person to person, and from region to region.

There are two techniques;

》Traditional and

》 Modern Honey bee farming

Here is complete detail on both of these techniques:

》Traditional Bee Farming.

This technique is practice from a long time by the Indian people. People use to maintain bee’s in the old-fashioned clay houses, in wooden logs, in the hollow of the tree stem or in the cracks of the wall, and much more.

To get honey from honey-filled roofs, chopped “chhattas” are either squeezed or boiled on a fire are the common ideas used by the Indian people. Then filter that collected honey with a clean cloth. By following this method, you will get only muddy and unclean honey, which is sold able at a lower rate in the local market. Since there are many imperfections in the removal of the honey from the bee’s hives by the ancient times.

So to get improvement in the production of the honey, modern techniques are developed by the new generation, which is detailed below.

》Modern Bee Farming

This technique is also have been developing from long years ago and is popularly run by most of the new bee farmers. In this techniques, bees are followed in the modern man made wood contaminant and are called as modern beekeepers. Bee rearing in a wooden box is also beneficial because it does not harm the bee eggs since it is protected by the wooden box. Honey can be easily taken out from the box by the beekeeper. Since proper care and a relation of the beekeeper with the bees are the main factors which affect the production of the honey. One can easily earn high amount of profit with low investment.

Raising the Bees in a wooden box is also beneficial because it does not harm the bee eggs since it is protected by the wooden box. Honey can be easily taken out from the box by the beekeeper. Since proper care and a relation of the beekeeper with the bees are the main factors which affect the production of the honey. One can easily earn high amount of profit with low investment.

There are many techniques in the modern bee farming. The various techniques are listed below in more detail: –

》 Top bar hive method: –

This method of bee farming is highly adopted by the people because of its advantage:-

》 Top bar hive is light in weight.

It is too easy to harvest honey in the top bar hive method

Bees experience low stress while creating honey through Top bar hive.

Top bar hive method is being used as tradition method by the country; the Greece and the Vietnam for over a long time and this method is common in the Africa for honey collection. Top bar hive does not have any frame because of which, the comb could not be reused after one-time honey extraction. Which further result in the less honey production and finally affecting the profit also. This method is followed by those people, who are more keen on having bee’s in their garden than in honey collection from these bees

The initial investment in this method to estimate the honey business is too low and require low equipment than the other methods.

However, this method has some disadvantage, listed below: –

》 Usually, comb becomes fragile and it is hard enough to collect honey from that.

》These combs could be re-used by the Bee for letting additional honey into that comb.

Horizontal frame hives.

This method is better than the fix comb method and top bar hive due to the mobile frame which is used to collect honey. In this method, after one time collecting the honey from the hive, one can set it again for recollecting the honey.

This method is widely adopted for commercial honey collection. Generally, it can be maintained well for tropical agriculture.

Vertical stackable frame hive method.

This method is commonly used by the people of united states and other surrounding countries. The main advantage of this method is the large size of the hives. The Rose hive is the latest modified design of this method.

The major weakness of the Rose method is the space needed. It requires 2-3 boxes as big as the nest. So there is need of lots of frames when one is going to raising the bees as a business. It has been assuming that Rose methods bear all the advantage and limitation of this type method. In this method, there is additional brood and one can easily increase his hive by adding framed boxed to the main hive. This will give advantages you as you can collect all the honey by removing the entire box of honey in the place of removal of single frame box at once.

Bee Colonies:

Castes in the bee colony.
Each and every bee colony is made up of three types of bee; castes in the bee according to their work. These three are: –

☆ A queen bee; usually, the only single fertile female of the colony.

☆ Female workers bee; which are present in large number, generally around more than 30,000 in particular colony.

☆ Male drones; which are present in hundreds of number in the particular colony for the breeding purpose.

Different Species of Honey Bee

There are 5 important species of honey bees and they are listed below.

》Indian hive bees

》Little bees

》Rock bees

》Dammer bees or Stingless bees

》European bees or Italian bees

Advice before starting bee farming Business

Beekeeping business needs some field related knowledge and also the practical knowledge of the bee-human relation, etc. Here below are some of the suggestion to the new grower for how to start the bee farming and how to make it more and more profitable.

Bee-Human Relationship; First off try to understand well the relationship between the human beings and the bees by visiting the bee farm; nearby your region and try to raise your experience with the bee’s colony. It will help you to manage well these bees from starting onwards of it.

Construction of Bee Farm; Learn their construction and management requirements for the bee’s and try to prepare bettered system for them.

Toolkit:
Think about the tools utilize for the bee keeping business and related things before starting it. It will help to manage your investment well.

Size:
Start raising bees at the small level, in the beginning, generally fewer hives so that you can manage them well and able to drop out your mistakes from the starting of the business. You can increase your bee keeping business with your increasing experience.

Equipment:
Must care of the equipment used for the raising bees. Take care that they should be prepared in accordance with the local environment. Equipment has a big role in the success bee farming since proper use of them increase your profit and also the experience of good bee farmer.

Marketing:
Think of marketing your business and try to contact your customer from the beginning onwards. Usually, the bakeries and chocolate makers are the bigger customers which use honey regularly during the whole year. Try to contact them directly.

Basic requirement of the honey bee farm

Here are some basic needs of the bee farm by which one can improve his honey collection: –

☆ Clean water source; by natural o artificial source should be available.

☆ Tree covered area or shade; so that bees can save from the excessive heat of the sun.

☆ Cool atmosphere; Try to maintain the moisture of surrounding. It will affect your profit. Excessive moisture will affect the honey bee fly and also the honey ripening.

Basic requirement to start honey bee farm:

To start the commercial beekeeping business, we need some basic requirements for the honey bees. Below is a list of these essential needs, learn them:

You should be aware well with the human-bees relationship because a happy relationship with your bees cause to quality honey production in higher amount & they do not leave your hives.

You should have a good knowledge of bees colony & local flora.

Site Requirements in Honey Bee Farming.

Selection of a suitable site is also an important task. A proper site for your bee keeping business leads to better result by more honey collection. So, in the selection of the site for your bees farm, learn the following.

Select a location for your farm which has a dry atmosphere with no dampness. A high RH level in your atmosphere will restrict the bees flight while collecting honey & also in ripening the nectar. As mentioned earlier, a good source of clean water is essential for the quality production of honey. So, provide a pure source of water; natural or artificial. Also, trees in your bees farm will provide you a shady & cool place, which protect from the wind. Your site should contain at least some old hive to realize the bees, a sympathy toward them. If not present, construct an artificial one from wooden materials. Also, pollen yielding plants are essential around your bees farm because they directly enhance your honey collection via providing a good source of pollen for the bees & also, minimize their traveling distance for collecting honey. This causes fast & quality collection of honey.

Equipment needed for Honey Bee Farming

For commercial bees keeping business, you need some essential equipment to conduct a different kind of activities in your bee farm.

Here is a list of all the equipment, which is essential for the bees farming. Acquire them

》Honey Extractor

》Bee venom Collector

》Smoker

》Food graded plastic made queen cage

》Queen gate

》SS hive tools of L shaped & curved shaped

》SS knives

》Pollen Trap

》Royal Jelly production & extraction Kit

》Thin & thick beekeeping brushes

》Iron hive tools of L shaped & curved shaped

》Hive gate

》Propolis Strip

》Queen Excluder

》Queen rearing kit

However, a visit to your nearby apiary is a good idea to know more about those essential of beekeeping business.

Management of bees for pollination in Honey Beekeeping business

A good source of pollen for your bees is essential needs for your business because it directly influences your profit via enhancing rapid & quality honey collection.

To save your bees energy, it is better to place the honey collection hive near to any pollen yielding plants because they directly enhance your honey collection via providing a good source of pollen for the bees & also, minimize their traveling distance for collecting honey. This causes fast & quality collection of honey. Also, if you want to migrate the bees hive, then migrate them near to any yard, in the starting of flowering, just after that. Place honey collective hive to provide a site for your bees. It is likely more beneficial to place 5 hives for the Indian bees. Provide enough place to the bees for their collecting honey pollen & to store that collected honey.

Pests and Diseases

Pest:
The common insects or pests that attack the bee hive are parasitic mite Varroa destructor, Wax moths, Wax beetles, Brood mite, Wasps, Tracheal Mites, Ants, Birds, Bee mites, etc.

Disease:

The common insects or pests that attack the bee hive are European foulbrood disease, Sac-brood disease (SBV), stone brood disease, American Foul Brood, Nosema Disease, Thai sac brood virus (TSBV), Chalk brood disease, etc

Controlling measure:

Please consult your local horticulture are controlling particular pest & disease, observed in your farm

Benefits of Bee pollination.
Crops that are Benefited by Pollination

Vegetable crops: Cucumber, carrot, pumpkin, coriander, cabbage, cauliflower, melon, onion, radish & the turnip crop.

Fruits & nuts: Apricot, strawberry, apple, almond, peach, citrus, & the litchi crop

Harvesting of Bee Products in Honey Bee Farming

Friends! Honey bee keeping business is a multi purpose business. Along with honey collection, bee keeping business has many other products that should be harvested timely to get more profit from it.

The main products beekeeping business are Bees Wax, Bee Venom, Honey, Propolis, Royal Jelly, & Pollen. However, the main product is the Honey. Timely and proper harvesting of honey is more beneficial to the grower.

So, for collecting good quality of honey, start collecting honey in the ending of flowering season. The method of collecting or harvesting honey varies on the basis of honey collecting hives, used for bee farming. Like in top-bar hives & in traditional hive, harvesting of only those comb should be done which contains ripen honey with fine layer sorrounded by white beeswax. However, there are many honey extractor equipment are available in the market. Acquire a good one & make use of it for honey extraction from super comb.

Bottom line

Commercially, the business of keeping honey bee is the most profitable one that can give you rapid income in very short time. As there is great demand for honey in the market because of its lots of health benefits, there is no need of marketing your business.

Any one can start this business at small scale or as commercial business. If you want to start this beekeping business at large scale, the with an initial investment of about 1 or 1.5 lac, you can start it. It is a good thing to start with less hive, because it will help in raising your practical knowledge of bee farming with low care & management. Initial investment depends on your strength and the best time for starting this business is to start in late August to early September.

The E Hub Anthony Peter

CHILLI FARMING GUIDELINES 🌶🌶🌶

Basically, Chillies are most important and worthwhile commercial crop that’s plays a vital role in the world economy since it is widely grown spice among all the spice crops. Usually, they are also known as “Chili Pepper” throughout the world. Generally, this crop is mostly grown to obtain the fruits to use them as a major ingredient of many kinds of curries, chutneys, and also as a culinary.

They are used as a spice, vegetables, sauces, condiments, fruits and in preparation for various pickles. Chillies are so popular that they are being used by everyone, all over the world. These are mostly eaten for their excellent spicy taste and flavored pungency. The active element “Capsaicin” one kind of alkaloid present is chillies is also extracted from them and is used as a medicinal ingredient.

Currently, commercial chilli farming is pretty successful and anyone can earn an excellent profit with instant income because there is always a great demand in the local and international market. Beside growing on the commercial open field, they can be also grown in poly houses, greenhouses, pots, containers, backyards, under shade nets, etc. However, the quality and quantity of yield are higher, if grown under controlled environmental conditions like growing in greenhouses. With advanced chilli farming technology, it is also possible to grow them successfully in the hydroponic system.

Scientific Name of Chilli.

There is two scientific name for chilli, there two are Capsicum Annuum L and Capsicum frutescens L. which belongs to the family “Solanaceae” and to the genus “Capsicum”.

HEALTH BENFITS OF CHILLI .

The following is the list of some of the health benefits of eating chili daily… learn it.

》Green chillies are an excellent source of many minerals and vitamins, especially of antioxidants so it can act as janitors in providing protection against damage from free radical and preventing many cancers.

》The Vitamin C content of green chillies is beneficial in strengthening immunity naturally to the diseases.

》The green chilli peppers are full of Vitamin E content which is an essential source in the production of certain kinds of natural skin oils.

》Chillies are supposed to be zero calories content food so it plays an important role in losing weight diet.
They also keep the prostate cancer away from the men.

》They are also helpful in reducing the high blood sugar level of the body.

》Green chillies are an excellent source of dietary fibres because of which are found to be beneficial in improving the working of the digestive system.

》They release endorphins significantly into the brain and works are mood refresher.

》Eating chillies are also found to be beneficial in reducing the chances of lung cancer.
They are also loaded with the anti-bacterial feature that means they help in keeping bacteria away from us.

》They are also an excellent source of natural Iron.

Chili Production in World | Major Producer

Chili is the largest spice amongst all the spice crop all over the world however when it comes to production, India tops the list of chilli production followed by China and Ethiopia.

Climate Requirement for Chilli Farming.

Basically, chilli can be grown throughout the whole world but it thrives it best in the tropical region and subtropical region. It requires humid and warm climate conditions having ideal temp ranging from 18 °C to 28°C along with adequate evenly distributed yearly rainfall. But take care that soils with low moisture content during the blossom grow and fruit set stage may result in dropping down of bud, blossom and newly formed fruits. Extreme rainfall during growing period is also harmful to this crop since it leads to rotting and defoliation of this chilli plants. However, an annual rainfall of about 20 to 25 inches yearly rainfall is essential for healthy plant growth and higher production.

Take care that a temp below 15 °C during the growing period may lead to lower crop yield.

SOIL REQUIREMENT FOR CHILLI FARMING .

They can be grown over a wide variety of soils however they thrive their best on sandy and loamy soils, clayey loamy soils under irrigation conditions.

Along with well-drained soil and deltaic soils. Whereas for rainfed conditions, black soils are best suitable since they can retain good moisture level for the long time period.

However, always preferred plantation of soils which are full of all essential organic matter content with the facility of good drainage and aeration.

For excellent plant growth, the ideal soil pH for growing chilli is 5.8 to 7.0. Never use acidic soils for cultivating this crop since are not suitable for higher production and quality yield.

☆Chilli Varieties.

Presently, there are many, many improved varieties of chilli are available in the market, and they often knew differently depending on the area. However, learn the list of some famous chilli varieties across the world.

=Bird’s Eye Chilli – Dhani
=Red Cayenne
=Yellow Cayenne
=Red Ball
=Green Ball
=Birdseye
=Jalapeno
=Habanero
There may be another variety of chilli which is popular in your region in accordance with the climate conditions and atmosphere.

》LAND PREPRATION IN CHILLI FARMING.

Chili farming can be done over a wide variety of soils however, sandy, loamy, clayey soils should be preferred to obtain higher yield with a facility of good drainage and proper aeration. Bring the cultivating soils in fine tilth form and in friable conditions to facilitate it with proper aeration and good drainage. Giving 3 deep ploughing followed by a couple of harrowing is sufficient enough to bring the soil in such conditions. Also carry out crushing of soil, if present. Leveling of soil is should be done with a tractor blade.

Make raised beds to drain out the rainwater and facilitate soil with good aeration. However, supplement all the essential organic matter at the time of land preparation. Adding about 20 tonnes of farmyard manure per hectare land is good enough to increase the soil fertility for chili cultivation. However, the manuring should be done for about 15 to 20 days before the sowing of seedlings. Make use of Heff at about 10 kg per hectare land to protect the newly planted seedling from pests and insects.

☆Propagation in Chilli Farming.

Chillies are mainly propagated with the help of quality seedlings raised on nursery beds from quality seeds. For raising seedling, select only those seeds which have a high tolerance to the pests, insects, and diseases to obtain higher yield. Always purchase them from a well known certified and organic farms. One can collect it from his/her organically raised own field.

If organic seeds are not available, one can start cultivation with chemically untreated chilli seeds obtained from local and high yielding variety.

☆Chilli Seed Treatment for Raising Seedlings.

The selected seeds should be treated well with any suitable chemical fungicides (pesticides) to obtain high quality of seedling and attain higher germination %. So, treat the selected seeds well with Pseudomonas sp. or Trichoderma at about 15 gm per each kg of quality seeds to prevent the occurrence of rot in nursery raised seedling.

The best time for raising seedling on nursery beds is from Feb to March so that seedling becomes ready for transplanting in April and May.

》 RAISING NUSERY SEEDLING .

Sow the fresh and certified chili seeds on previously prepared beds from Feb to March to make them ready for transplanting on the field in April since cultivation with planting seedling has better survival % and quality yield in comparison the broadcasting planting method.

Prepare the nursery bed thoroughly mixing with the compost and topmost soil. After sowing treated seed on beds, cover it with thin soil film.

How long do chilli seeds take to germinate? Usually, seedling appears in about 4 to 6 days after planting seeds on beds. These nurseries raised seedling should be planted on the main field when they become 45 to 50 days older.

☆Seed Rate in Chilli Farming.

For raising nursery seedling, about 500 gm of quality seeds are sufficient enough for starting cultivation on a hectare land.

☆Chilli Planting Season.

Planting should be done from May to June for producing chilli as Kharif crop whereas it should be done from Jan to Feb to cultivate it as a Rabi season crop.

☆ Chilli Planting Spacing.

Planting of 45 to 50 days older seedling should be done from April to May to meet the market demand. Planting of seedling should be done in shallow trenches and on ridge lands.

They can be planted with an appropriate planting distance such as 30 cm X 30 cm, 30 cm X 45 cm, and 60 cm x 60 cm.

☆Sowing Directly on Field in Chilli Farming.

For cultivating chilli under the rainfed condition, seeds should be sown directly on the field from the end of March to the first two weeks of April. For sowing seeds directly on the field, about 1.8 kg to 2 kg of quality seeds is required. Carry out thinning along with gap filling after about 4 to 5 weeks of sowing seeds.

》 IRRIGATION IN CHILLI FARMING .

Chilli plants do not have tolerance to high moisture that means water is given on the requirement basis. In commercial chilli cultivation, frequent water supply or heavy irrigation results in bony vegetative growth and flower shedding. And, the need of irrigation to plants always depends on climate conditions, soil type and atmosphere.

This crop requires a uniform moisture of soil throughout the complete growing period. But, have poor tolerance towards the drought conditions and flooding. Irrigating with drip irrigation method is best suitable for cultivation in a region with water scarcity problem. One can irrigate with furrow method with a facility of enough water.

Irrigate the crop, just after planting the seedling on the main field. Then after water should be given on the requirement basis. Try to irrigate crop at least once a week in the hot month whereas at an interval of 10 days in the cold month.

The dropping down of plants leaves in evening, generally at 4 PM to 5 PM indicate the need for water to the plants. Chili farming is usually practised under rainfed conditions with an annual rainfall of 120 inches, evenly distributed throughout the year. But, it is also possible to grow chilli with the facility of irrigations. But, care to be taken while growing.

Always avoid over watering. Since plant growth, branching along with dry matter growth are unfavorably affected by over-watering. But, care to be taken during critical stage such as flowering stage and fruit development stage. Avoid overhead irrigation since it invites numbers of diseases. Also, drain out the water due to heavy rains and flooding conditions to avail constant moisture.

Avoid excessive use of chemical fertilizers, liquid pesticides, and harmful fungicides. Also, avoid water stagnation problem on nursery beds and on fields to avoid an early occurrence of fungal infection.

☆ Application of Manure and Fertilizers in Chilli Farming.

Always try to cultivate chillies on such soils which are full of all essential organic matter. So, apply about 15 tonnes of farmyard manure per hectare land at the time of land preparation to increase soil fertility.

For growing chillies under rainfed conditions, apply 50 kg of Nitrogen, 25 kg of Phosphorous and 25 kg of Potash. Give the half dose of Nitrogen at the time of planting seedlings on the main field. Whereas the remaining half dose of Nitrogen should be given after about 4 to 5 weeks of planting seedling.

For growing chillies with the facility of irrigation, apply 100 kg of Nitrogen, 50 kg of Phosphorous and 50 kg of Potassium per growing hectare. Manuring should be done in four equal splits. The 1st one at the time of planting seedling. And, the 2nd one at 4th week of planting seeds. The 3rd and 4th one should be given at 10th and 12th week of planting seedling to obtain higher yield.

Pests and Diseases in Chilli Farming

Chillies are very prone to pests and diseases. And the presence of any pests, insect, and diseases in any crop leads to reduce the production to a big extent. So, learn the list of common pests and diseases in chilli cultivation along with their symptoms and control measures.

》CHILLI PESTS AND THEIR CONTROL .

Learn the list of common pests and insect, observed in chilli production along with their symptoms and control measures.

Pests Symptoms Cause Prevention
Aphids Small & succulent, pear-shaped insects. Mostly attack in cold months & influence widely to the crop. Aphids lower down the pods quality and growth. Spray dimethoate @ 0.05 % to control aphids effectively

Thrips Causes leaf curling & drooping of premature flowers Reduce the flowering % & hence yield Crop rotation, weed control, seed treatment with imidacloprid 70 % @ 10 to 15 gm per each kg of seeds. Also, give phorate 10 % G @ 12 kg/ha to control effectively

Fruit borer This caterpillar eat leaves which late make bores on pods. Lower down the quality and quantity of fruits. Collect & destroy the affected fruits. Spray Bacillus thuringiensis at 10 gm/ litre

Broad Mites Mites sucks plant juice at midvein on the underside of leaves. Cause curling of leaf, developing corky tissues on fruits. select pest-resistant varieties, & weed control, crop rotation, Spray dimethoate at 0.05 % is beneficial.

Mealybug Bug sucks saps tender shoots, leaves, and fruits. Pest causes curling of leaves & dropping of fruits. Spray with 0.02% dichlorvos or with 0.025% quinalphos along with fish oil rosin soap to control effectively.

Root-knot nematode Insect pest destroys root system by growing small roots galls. Infected plants turn wilt yellow. Avoid production on sandy soils with hot weather. Select resistant variety, crop rotation, can reduce them.
Chilli Diseases and Their Control

Learn the list of common diseases, observed in chilli production along with their symptoms and control measures.

PESTS SYMPTOMS CAUSE PREVENTION:

Damping Off Serious disease of seedlings observed on nursery bed. Affected seedlings display rot on the base of plants, & plant died off. Treat seeds properly with Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 15 gm/kg seeds, 1 day before sowing. Avoid Waterlogging. Regularly Spray with fungicides.

☆ Leaf Spot Disease Infected leaves have small and dark greasy spots. Water-soaked like spots develop on green fruits. Leaf drop off of infected plants Spray Agrimycin @ 200 ppm along with copper oxychloride (0.3 %) to control effectively.

☆ Anthracnose Disease Dark & sunken spots formed on fruits, dark pink coloured dots emerge at the centre formed spots. Fruits rot and dropping occur Avoid shadily & moist climate conditions, Select disease-free quality seeds. Discard off infected ones, Spray crop by using Mancozeb @ 2.5 gm/ litre.

☆ Powdery mildew – – Spray Carbendazim @ 1 gm/liter. Spray about 3 times at an interval of two weeks
Leaf Curl Disease Cause small size of leaves and downward curling Leaves start falling off, mainly spread due to aphids & thrips Control Thrips & Aphids.

CHILLI PLANT GROWING STAGES .

How long does it take to grow chillies? is depended on the variety, growing season, climate conditions, soil type, soil fertility and water supply. However, on an avg, it takes about 5 to 6 months to become fully mature after planting on the field.

There are two growth stages, namely vegetative stage, and reproductive stage. Usually, the vegetative stage tends to extend for about 75 to 85 days accompanied by the reproductive stage of 85 to 95 days.

In vegetative growth stage, an increase of plant height, branching, etc takes place. For better aeration and proper sunlight infiltration into the canopy, cloudy branching should be followed. It also prevents fruit rot disease.

Chilli plant flowering time starts from around 45 days after planting seedlings on the main field. And this crop is cross-pollinated with having 50 % of the natural crossing in it. After pollination in the crop, about 40 to 45 days of time is needed for starting fruit development and to attain maturity in the crop.

》HARVESTING CHILLIES .

The maturing age depends on the cultivar, chosen for production. Generally, it takes about more than two months for fruits to become fully ripen after the flowering season starts. Harvesting also depends on the market need.

For selling freshly harvested in local, harvest fully grown immature green chillies. And for canning, harvest fully mature red chillies. And for making powder, harvesting of fully matured riped dry fruits.

Harvesting should be done on alternate days to obtain higher yield for few months and to meet the market need. However, it is quite important to store them at proper place to maintain the pungency and red colour.

Since having much perishable nature they require attention while harvesting and after harvesting. The collected fruits should be stored in proper place and transported to local market. Also, harvesting at proper maturity leads to higher production as yield.

》POST-HARVESTING TASK .

The post harvesting in the chilli production includes the Drying, Grading, Packing and preserving at a suitable place. It is helpful maintaining the quality and quantity of fruits to earn higher market rate.

》YIELD OF CHILLI FARMING

Yield depends on cultivar, soil type, and fertility, facility of irrigation along with farm management skills, practised during cultivation process. However, on an avg, one can easily obtain about 2 to 2.5 tonnes of dried chillies whereas about more than 10 tonnes of green chillies as yield.

But, yields are higher for production with the facility of irrigation in compare to rainfed crops.

》 MARKETING .

The marketing of chillies include the following points:

Supply freshly harvested green chillies to the local market on the basis of market requirement.
And, for red chilli production, it is a good idea to contact a nearby chilli powder maker or industry for the bulk sale.
However, dry chilli production is more profitable farming over the green because there is always great market demand for it. And, one can really make a big one from it.

As shared by Anthony Peter ® The E Hub®